Influence of Drugs to Youngsters

Laoag City THE INFLUENCE OF PROHIBITED DRUGS TO YOUNGSTER SONNY MADAMBA February 2013? THE INFLUENCE OF PROHIBITED DRUGS TO YOUNGSTERS I. Presentation Prohibited medications are regularly addictive. The word â€Å"addictive† implies that an individual will need to continue taking the medication. They can likewise be awful for the wellbeing and could cause demise whenever overdosed. Medications can be exceptionally addictive, and that’s one of the primary risks. Medication misuse †two words that strike dread, disarray and worry into parent’s hearts. Also, with valid justifications, as medication misuse can have a genuine, groundbreaking effect on adolescents, their physical and psychological wellness is at stake.Most of the medications are intended to be utilized restoratively, so on the off chance that you use them without remedy, it may have reactions that will harm oneself. Medications are viewed as perilous in light of the fact that they normally have syn thetic and additionally physical impacts on the individual utilizing them, some of which might be unsafe that can bring about changes in perspective as well as conduct. These impacts are felt and deciphered distinctively by each person, and in light of this can even reason possibly perilous practices. The danger of fixation is additionally viewed as a peril, because of evident reasons.Many don't comprehend why people become dependent on medications or how medications change the cerebrum to encourage urgent medication misuse. They erroneously see sedate maltreatment and enslavement as carefully a social issue and may portray the individuals who ingest medications as ethically powerless. One normal conviction is that, tranquilize abusers ought to have the option to simply quit consuming medications in the event that they truly needed and ready to change their conduct. What individuals regularly think little of is the multifaceted nature of illicit drug use †that it’s an ai lment that impacts the cerebrum nd therefore, halting medication misuse isn't only a question of resolve. Through logical advances we currently discover considerably more about how precisely tranquilize functions in the cerebrum, and we additionally realize that chronic drug use can be effectively rewarded to assist individuals with halting mishandling medications and resume their gainful lives. Fixation is a chrnic, regularly backsliding cerebrum illness that causes enthusiastic medication chasing and use regardless of unsafe outcomes to the person that is dependent and to people around them. Illicit drug use is a cerebrum disease!Certainly obvious that for the most part, if not all, intentional use is conceivable. Extra time, the adjustments in the mind brought about by rehashed tranquilize misuse can influence a person’s discretion and capacity to settle on steady choices, and simultaneously send extreme driving forces to consume medications. Precluded drugs are substances of regular or manufactured beginning which can adjust the enthusiastic state, recognition, body working or conduct of a living being and for the most part will in general be unlawful. Part of us drink liquor, considerably a greater amount of us drink espresso or tea.Outside of the developing gathering of individuals who walk out on any medication use in light of a strict conviction, it’s uncommon to discover any individual who finds the non-endorsed utilization of these medications to change our perspective upsetting on purpose of standard. It would see that different strict gatherings really incorporate the utilization of liquor as a major aspect of strict custom. All medications are basically taken to slaughter torment, the client takes the substance to get away from physical or passionate agony. Some of the time, they are hoping to escape from both.Sometimes, an individual finds that they can't deal with a piece of their life and consuming medications causes it to appear as if they have just tackled their concern. For a concise timeframe they feel good and things don’t appear as awful as they were. The individual’s issue start to assemble all the while as they consume more medications. Regularly they become so hard and hard to speak with. They may pull back and show abnormal conduct that is related with compulsion. What's more, over the long haul they concentrate on utilizing and successfully get the drug.In the end, the individual gets discouraged, unhappy, tired and edgy for the medication. Individual relationship start to endure just as their activity and monetary status. Regularly they will forfeit everything for the medication. One of the most risky impacts of fixation is refusal. The inclination to utilize is solid to such an extent that the psyche find numerous approaches to legitimize the medication use and compulsion. You may definitely belittle the amount of medications you are taking, the amount it impacts your life, and the degree of control to utilize drugs. Forswearing is an oblivious barrier mechanism.Minimizing and defending the fixation is less innocuous than conceding that medication use is hazardously wild. Be that as it may, the prize of forswearing can be amazingly high including the loss of significant connections, work accounts, security and physical and mental soundness. In the event that you are truly to concede you have a medication issue, congrats! Perceiving that you have a medication issue is the initial step making progress toward recuperation, one that takes huge mental fortitude and quality. Confronting compulsion without limiting the issue or rationalizing can be alarming and overpowering, however recuperation is inside reach.If you are prepared to change and ready to look for help, make a responsibility. Sooner, your recuperation will succeed and will manufacture a wonderful, medicate free life. Don’t attempt to do only it. It’s very simple to get disheartened and j ustify â€Å"GETTING HIGH ONE MORE TIME. † Whether or not you decide to go to a Drug Rehabilitation Program, depend on self improvement programs, guiding, support is fundamental. Recuperating from habit is a lot simpler when you have individuals you can incline toward for consolation, solace and direction. II. Proclamation OF THE PROBLEMThis expression paper plans to offer the comprehension of denied drugs, its reactions, the threats of utilizing, the counteraction of medication misuse and the various kinds of PROHIBITED DRUGS. III. BODY Prohibited medications are extremely risky in light of the fact that they can make harm an individual’s cerebrum, heart and other significant organs. For instance, cocaine, which is unlawful that can cause a coronary episode the absolute first time it is utilized. Likewise, when an individual uses medicates that are illicit they are less inclined to do well in school, work and other activities.They make some hard memories thinking obvi ously and will in general settle on poor choices. At the point when an individual uses drugs they regularly do nonsensical things, for example, driving impaired which can be hurtful to themselves as well as other people. There are many precluded drugs that are being manhandled by our general public today. Medications, for example, maryjane, methampithamine and the maltreatment of professionally prescribed prescriptions are on the ascent. It is significant for everybody to raise their degree of mindfulness so as to lessen the danger of medication misuse or to help somebody they care for who is as of now experiencing drug misuse or addiction.Illegal drugs come in various shapes and sizes, and types. Every specific medication produces one of a kind impacts on the client, this is the reason you may have heard the term â€Å"drug of decision. † This implies, the medication that the client likes. Individuals utilize unlawful medications for some reasons, fatigue, to fit in, experim entation, and so forth they start to mishandle drugs when they over and again take them to take care of their issues or cause them to feel â€Å"normal. † We will feature the most usually manhandled unlawful medication. It is gotten from the cannabis plant, which develops in numerous nations, including the United States.Users place it on moving papers to make maryjane cigarettes, smoke it in bongs or funnels, or blend it in heated great or tea and eat or drink it. Cannabis is a SCHEDULE I tranquilize. It is illicit to plant and develop pot, to sell and to purchase hashish or hashish oil. Engineered THC cases are accessible by solution to treat sickness that malignant growth patients once in a while endure with certain types of chemotherapy, and to treat squandering in AIDS patients. No type of the smoked medication has been affirmed as sheltered or powerful for any clinical use. Individuals utilize illicit medications for a wide range of reasons frequently it is to fit in ith their companions or in light of the fact that they are interested. Generally, the hidden explanation an individual attempts drugs is to escape from the real world, on the off chance that they are tragic they take the medication to cause them to feel better for a brief timeframe until the impact of the medication wears off and ten they discover the issue, despite everything exists all things considered. Ingesting medications has never tackled anyone’s issue, be that as it may, it frequently makes new ones. The client gets reliant. There are various kinds of unlawful medications. They include: heroin, cocaine, break, weed, joy and methamphetamine or the alleged shabu.Drugs are utilized by nearly everybody at some point during their life. There are a few sorts of medications and they all have totally different purposes. Some are important to keep an individual alive while others that are taken in any event, when redundant. Frequently these different kinds of medications, for ex ample, antidepressants and torment medicine, cause a lot a larger number of issues and symptoms than the first issue the individual was attempting to treat. This second gathering of medications makes, instead of takes care of the individual’s issue. Thusly, their circumstance may worsen.They may start to mishandle the medication to get away from life through and through or potentially to just acquire a high. Another gathering of medications are called unlawful or illicit medications. They don't have known advantage and are frequently addictive. Illicit medications are every now and again taken for very surprising reasons than lawful medications. Numerous individuals explore different avenues regarding these kinds of substances to get away from their issues. THE HISTORY OF DRUGS Humans have utilized medications of some sort for a large number of years. Wine was utilized in any event from the hour of the early Egyptians; opiates from 4000 B. C. ; and therapeutic utilization of weed has been dated 2737 B.B. in China. In any case, not until the nineteenth century A. D. were the dynamic substances in drugs extricated. There followed when a portion of these newfound substances, morphine, laudanum, cocaine were totally unregulated and recommended uninhibitedly by doctors for a wide assortment of distress

Challenges of Older Workers in America Research Paper

Difficulties of Older Workers in America - Research Paper Example A considerable lot of the businesses in America are of the view that the profitability and effectiveness of the more seasoned laborers are lower when contrasted with similar attributes in the youthful workers. Along these lines, greater part of the businesses in America are not extremely keen on perceiving the commitments of more seasoned specialists appropriately. While choosing advancements, motivating forces and compensation climbs, managers frequently consider the necessities of more youthful workers as it were. Also, when bosses are choosing to decrease the quantity of workers, more seasoned representatives regularly come in the rundown as the main goal. This paper investigations different difficulties more established specialists in America face. Presentation As with numerous other segment gatherings, more seasoned workers’ joblessness generally speaking and long haul joblessness rates have expanded drastically since the downturn started in 2007. In December 2011, the jo blessness rate for more seasoned specialists was 6.0 percent, up from 3.1 toward the beginning of the downturn, however down from its pinnacle of 7.6 percent in February 2010. Specifically, long haul joblessness rose considerably, and at a more noteworthy rate for more established than more youthful laborers. By 2011, 55 percent of jobless more seasoned specialists had been effectively looking for a vocation for the greater part a year (27 weeks or more) (â€Å"Many Experience Challenges Regaining Employment and Face Reduced Retirement Security†, 2012). ... beneficiary homes or condos, and around half have been searching for work for more than a year† (â€Å"Older Low-Income Workers Face Historic Crisis†, n.d.). These measurements plainly recommend that the standardized savings of the more established age of America is in peril at present in light of different reasons, for example, downturn, monetary emergency and numerous other social variables. It ought to be noticed that the youthful in America are not keen on securing their folks these days. Therefore, huge numbers of the jobless guardians are confronting colossal money related issues. They need enough cash to look for the administrations of good cause associations when they are needing a help. To put it plainly, joblessness issues among more seasoned specialists are a monetary issue as well as a social issue. To put it plainly, challenges looking by more established specialists are a significant issue in America now, and it is critical to get more bits of knowledge int o this theme. Audit of Literature: Challenges of Older Workers in America According to Richard W. Johnson (2010), â€Å"On normal, laid-off male laborers 50â€61 who become reemployed win 15 percent less on the new position than the old employment, and those age 62 and more seasoned procure 21 percent less† (p.2). He has additionally called attention to that age separation wins in American working environments. He states: In 2008, 15 percent of laborers age 55â€61 announced that their bosses offer inclination to more youthful specialists over more established specialists in advancement choices. Low-talented more seasoned men are particularly liable to report this kind of segregation: 29 percent of men who didn't finish secondary school and 20 percent of secondary school graduates guaranteed that their bosses favored more youthful laborers, contrasted and 13 percent of men who had gone to school (p.2). As per Tomiko Thomas, program

MindMeister now available to SAP StreamWork users - Focus

MindMeister now available to SAP StreamWork users - Focus SAPs StreamWork solution is an enterprise-class suite of collaboration tools incorporating various methods and practices to facilitate corporate decision making. The goal of the platform is, “[to] bring together the people, information, and proven business approaches to drive fast, meaningful results.” As StreamWork continues to grow, SAP is paying close attention to what users are interested in seeing in their collaboration and decision-making toolkit. Leveraging the power of user voice, SAP invites participants to suggest, vote on, and rank these requested tools. Just after the Google Docs integration, SAP StreamWork users unanimously voted  that a mind mapping solution is a “must have,” with many of them recommending MindMeister. We’re pleased to announce that SAP and MindMeister have answered this call, as MindMeister is now available to StreamWork users worldwide as a fully integrated gadget via the newly launched OpenSocial API. MindMeister and SAP Streamwork from MindMeister on Vimeo. Once users have added MindMeister to their SAP StreamWork accounts, the MindMeister service is then available under: Tools Catalogue Gadgets MindMeister As with any MindMeister service, SAP StreamWork users’ mind mapping data is securely based in the cloud, thus allowing them to access up-to-the-minute data and changes, no matter where they are. Likewise, our convenient iPhone and iPad apps can keep the collaboration going, even if StreamWork users are away from their main workplace. The MindMeister for SAP StreamWorks does not currently contain all of MindMeister’s features, but rather, offers users a quick, easy-to-get-started, version. Rest assured, all of our core functionality is present, but we’ve stripped down a few of the “extras” in favor of ease of use, stability, and speed. “With MindMeister now available within SAP StreamWork, our users now have a powerful, free-thinking, concept-exploring and open-collaboration option available for use at the ready,” said Holly Simmons, senior director, OnDemand Marketing, SAP. Update 22 March 2017: Please note that StreamWork was unfortunately sunset in December 2015.

Review Of Frankenstein By James Whale - 1840 Words

Literature Review Critical Analysis of Frankenstein The 1931 film, Frankenstein, which was directed by James Whale changed the mad-scientist/horror movie scene permanently. Although it is almost a century old, people are still reenacting it and discussing it. This film is about a young man named Henry Frankenstein. Henry has an obsession with creating life. Fritz, Henry’s assistant, helped collect body parts from recently deceased corpses. The two men got to work, binding the parts together, to create a whole human body. Using electricity from a thunderstorm, they managed to bring the body to life. The assistant was messing around in the lab and switched the brain they were using with a deceased criminal’s brain. Little did they know that the person they created with science would become a psycho killer. Frankenstein had such a huge impact on the world because it mainly focused on science in a time period where science was rarely talked about. Teaching science during this time was unheard of. When this film was releas ed, school teachers weren’t even allowed to teach evolution to their classes. This is one of the reasons why this movie was such a big hit and left such an impact on viewers. Stephen Gould, author of many essays regarding science, explains the film further and touches on the science depicted in it. Gould focuses on the idea of nature versus nurture. He questions whether nurture really does effect the development of a human brain. Gould talks aboutShow MoreRelatedThe Representation Of The Monster1515 Words   |  7 Pagessurfaces, these film industry companies to take them into their own hands, which usually altering the integrity of the text. Once specific example that can be found interesting is the representation of the monster in Frankenstein. In this text the exploration of why director, James Whale, had altered the appearance of the monster not only in the visual aspect, but also the internal knowledge he obtained in the novel, but not in the movie. According to the Oxford English Dictionary one of the definitionsRead MoreThe Representation Of The Monster1480 Words   |  6 Pagessurfaces, these film industry companies to take them into their own hands, which usually altering the integrity of the text. Once specific example that can be found interesting is the representation of the monster in Frankenstein. In this text the exploration of why director, James Whale, had altered the appearance of the monster not only in the visual aspect, but also the internal knowledge he obtained in the novel, but not in the movie. According to the Oxford English Dictionary one of the definitionsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Bride Of Frankenstein 1514 Words   |  7 Pagestwo is a better horror movie. The first movie that I watched for this discussion is the Bride of Frankenstein, this movie was made in 1935 and directed by James Whale. The Bride of Frankenstein is a sequel to The movie Frankenstein which follows the after math of the suspected death of Frankensteins monster. The second movie that I watched was The Conjuring 2 released in June,2016 and directed by James Wan. The Conjuring 2 follows two paranormal investigators that travel to London to help a motherRead MoreMasculinity in Chuck Palahniuks Work7062 Words   |  29 Pageseffects of the docile modern workplace as well as advertising and the absence of ‘a great war‘, using the fight club as a cure for this frustration. However, I believe that this analysis is just as one-layered and as an ill-informed .com purchasing site review . It is these types of approaches that have frightened audiences into believing that all men want to do is pummel each other. On the surface, the reader can presume that Palahniuk is angered by the emasculating effects of consumerism as Fight ClubRead MoreThe Studio System Essay14396 Words   |  58 PagesCukor, Frank Borzage * Actresses: Greta Garbo, Joan Crawford, Norma Shearer, Myrna Loy, Jean Harlow * Actors: Clark Gable, Robert Taylor, William Powell, Walter Pidgeon, Melvyn Douglas, Spencer Tracy, Mickey Rooney, James Stewart * Typical Films: Camille, Grand Hotel, Dinner at Eight, Mutiny on the Bounty, Thin Man series of films, The Wizard of Oz Paramount --------- * Known For: European sophistication * In Charge:Read MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 PagesMonticello; Phyllis Berger, Diablo Valley College; Kevin Galvin, East Los Angeles College; Jacquelyn Ann Kegley, California State University-Bakersfield; Darryl Mehring, University of Colorado at Denver; Dean J. Nelson, Dutchess Community College; James E. Parejko, Chicago State University; Robert Sessions, Kirkwood Community College; and Stephanie Tucker, California State University Sacramento. Thinking and writing about logical reasoning has been enjoyable for me, but special thanks go to my children

Child Abuse And Its Effects On Children - 1227 Words

Every year over 3 million reports of child abuse are made involving more than 6 million children. The United States has one of the worst records of child abuse losing 4-7 children a day to the abuse. Abuse is when any behavior or action that is used to scare, harm, threaten, control or intimidate another person. Child abuse is a behavior outside the norms of conduct and entails substantial risk of causing physical or emotional harm. There are four main types of child abuse; physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and neglect. PHYSICAL Abuse Physical abuse is one of the most common form of child abuse. Defined as non-accidental trauma or physical injury caused by punching, beating, kicking, biting, burning or otherwise harming a child, physical abuse is the most visible form of child Abuse. Children who are physically abused can develop child traumatic stress. They are also at risk for depression and anxiety. How can you tell if someone you know is being physically abused? Well physical abuse comes with some symptoms you can look for. Any injury to a child who is not crawling yet Visible and severe injuries injuries at different stages of healing On different surfaces of the body Unexplained or explained in a way that doesn’t make sense Distinctive shape Frequency, timing and history of injuries (frequent, after weekends, vacations, school absences) There are also some signs that the abuser has. The abuser may seem to dislike the child byShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Child Abuse On Children935 Words   |  4 PagesChild abuse has been an issue in America since the beginning of time, but lately there has gradually been an increase in reported incidents of abuse. There are several types of child abuse that are present in today’s society. The different types of abuse include physical, emotional and sexual abuse. Of the different maltreatment types, four-fifths (78.3%) of unique victims were neglected, 17.6 percent were physically abused, 9.2 percent were sexually abused, 8.1 percent were psychologically maltreatedRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesindividuals corrected. However, there are cases that have not been solved or not stopped by the law. Child abuse is common. Child abuse can be caused by a variety of reasons. Scientist have been studying and they have some ideas on w hat prompt people to harm children (Ian Hacking). They are trying to end child abuse, but there is so much they can do. Many children abuse incidents are not reported. Child abuse may have many causes as in way the abuser does it. One specific factor is the background of theRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children913 Words   |  4 Pagesseveral types of abuse, there’s physical, emotional, verbal and several others abuses. But the abuse I would like to focus on is child abuse. Domestic violence towards children is important because there is a way to prevent it from happening. Typical parents and caregivers do not intend to abuse their children. Abuse is mainly directed toward the behaviors that are given off towards one another. Author David Gil defines child abuse as an occurrence where a caretaker injures a child, not by accidentRead MoreChild Abuse Is An Effect On Children1657 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2010 according to the census bureau there were 74,100,000 U.S children between the ages of 0-17 being abused and 3.3 million referrals. This effected on average 1-10 U.S families and children, there were more than 32,200,000 U.S families with children under the age of 18 according to the 2010 census bureau. From the 3.3 million hotline calls in 2010 there were less than 475,000 sustained cases (2010 NCANDS: 436,321 sustained +24,976 indicated = 461,297 total) resulting in about 15% of hotlineRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1317 Words   |  6 PagesChild abuse has long been an ongoing social problem; this abuse has been one of the repeatedly difficult accusations to prove in our criminal justice system. Child abuse causes many years of suffering for victims. Children abused suffer from chemical imbalances, behavioral issues and are at high risk for becoming abusers or being abused in adult relationships. This cycle of learned behavior and suffering will be a hopeless reoccurring problem unless the criminal justice system and p rotocols for abusersRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1488 Words   |  6 Pages â€Æ' In addressing child abuse we are confronted with a series of problems. On the one hand, there is a lack of the true extent of the phenomenon because no data are available and that the issue, often refers to the most intimate spaces of family life. Furthermore, cultural and historical traditions affect the way each society faces this problem. Finally, there are varying opinions as to its definition and classification, as well as the consequences of child abuse may have and its subsequent therapeuticRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1263 Words   |  6 Pages Child Abuse Child abuse is any behavior which, by action or omission, produces physical or psychological damage to a person less than 18 years, affecting the development of his personality. In homes, it is believed that the most effective way to educate children is using the abuse. This form of punishment it used as an instrument of correction and moral training strategy as it is the first and most persistent justification of damage and maltreated mothers parents inflict on their children. SocietyRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1160 Words   |  5 PagesMost parents and other caregivers do not intend to hurt their children, but abuse is defined by the effect on the child, not the motivation of the parents or caregiver. Tens of thousands of children each year are traumatized by physical, sexual, and emotional abusers or by caregivers who neglect them, making child abuse as common as it is shocking. Most of us can’t imagine what would make an adult use violence against a child, and the worse the behavior is, the more unimaginable it seems. ButRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1132 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Child abuse takes many different forms. Including physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect of a children by parents, guardians, or others responsible for a child s welfare. Regardless of the type of abuse, the child’s devolvement is greatly impacted. The child’s risk for emotional, behavioral, academic, social, and physical problems in life increase. According to the Child Maltreatment Report by the Children’s Bureau (1999) the most common form of child abuse in the United States isRead MoreChild Abuse And Its Effects On Children1126 Words   |  5 PagesMrs.Pettit 6 June 2015 Child Abuse â€Å"It’s easier to throw away a child who reacts to his abuse than attempt to heal his pain†- Dwight E. Abbot . As a world we need to protect our children from child abuse whether the abuser is emotionally disabled or not mentally stable if we make a change to stopping child abuse many children lives can be saved. Child abuse endangers the child’s physical and emotional health and development. Our society needs to prevent child abuse at all cost. Throughout the

Teaching Preschool Children Reading Free Essays

Phonological awareness is an important aspect in the fundamentals of reading. It is the first step in literacy. Children can learn phonological awareness in a variety of ways. We will write a custom essay sample on Teaching Preschool Children Reading or any similar topic only for you Order Now Rhyming, sentence and word recognition, sound knowledge, phonemes, letter identification, spelling, and games which require active listening are a few of the techniques used by teachers in the classroom. All of these methods help in a child’s reading and speech fluency.All children need to learn how to read and write in order to survive in today’s society. There have been many different methods used in order to teach phonemic awareness to preschool children. Phonemic awareness is the capability of an individual to differentiate, identify and manipulate specific sounds. An example would be a child combining and blending the sounds in the word cat. Many people believe that phonics and phonemic awareness are the same thing. However, phonic awareness is recognizing that words come from sounds with in turn make up a language. Phonics is knowing that sounds are composed of letters which compose a writing style. In order to teach a child phonic awareness and to read, a teacher must comprehend the procedure that the brain formulates in order to understand the printed data. The brain undergoes three functions which facilitate understanding. First, there is information retention which has to deal with spurs of the environment. Second, language articulation is where a child uses prior knowledge in order to associate its meaning; and the third process is modeling and making connections with former information . Reading comprehension occurs in the frontal lobe of the brain. When this process takes place, it leads to an understanding and knowledge of what a person has seen and read. Phonological processing is a person’s ability to listen and  comprehend dialect as well as printed terms. Hence, it is to say that the child recognizes the sound each letter makes. Mechanically our brain unconsciously processes verbal communication. Instantly a child gathers phonemes in order to pronounce the word and decomposes it to grasp the oral language. In contrast to speech, reading involves a child’s knowledge in the process of associating written words with the alphabet and in turn producing spoken words. Therefore, a child has to be of conscious mind in order to learn reading. A teacher must instruct a child in the phonological sequences of letters in order for the child to acquire phonological processing. There are many different techniques a teacher can utilize in order to build phonological awareness. One technique would be merging words and sounds collectively in order to construct new words. The words composed can be silly or factual. This technique facilitates the child’s use of phonemes, which was a study conducted by McCandlies, Cohen, and Dehaene in 2003 . Having a child combine letters and then separating them is another form of building phonological awareness. It will also help them in recognizing the letters of the alphabet. Examples of the activities mentioned above are having a child say the first sound in the word â€Å"rat† and then saying each letter sound individually. Blending would consist of telling a child say ‘at’ and then stating to them to put an ‘r’ in front and say the new word. These activities can been done with a variety of materials such as chalk, boards and markers. Remember preschool children are very visual. The more movement they utilize, the better they retain the information. Image is a phonic awareness 3 letter word game. Many people do not see imaginative play as a means of learning. However, it is during play that children are at their most influential developmental stage according to Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist. Since the children are imaging different situations, they are associating everyday activities and assigning meaning to them. During this time, individuals and items can transform themselves into different things. For example, a child can become a cat, or a baby and a piece of construction paper can be converted into a notepad for taking orders in a restaurant. Through the children’s interactions and language, they gather and exchange knowledge, experiences,  and vocabulary which enhance their verbal communication through mutual exchange (Genishi and Dyson, 2009). Collaborative songs and games can also be a means to teach phonological awareness. Nursery rhymes can be utilized as a tool for phonological awareness. Rhyming activities such as asking a child which words rhyme or which ones do not rhyme will enhance their awareness. A teacher may also say a word and ask a child which word rhymes with it (Phillips, Clancy-Menchetti, Lonigan, 2008). Some examples would be: this old man, head shoulder knees and toes, one two buckle my shoe and Humpty Dumpty. Games that constitute phonological awareness do not have to come from a book. They can be invented from one’s everyday activities. Examples of these activities would be a trip to the grocery store or beauty salon. Children can be asked which items in the store begin with the same letter sound or which nail polishes have the same letters in them. If a child does not respond or say the correct answer, be sure to mirror the correct response and not state that they were wrong. The teacher should support the child through the learning process. The following illustration explains the steps of phonological awareness. Activities which implement pattern recognition are also efficient at phonological awareness. This is an excellent tool to utilize in the classroom due to the fact that children learn how to read by identifying patterns. When a child associates words from letter patterns and connects the sounds, this is called patterning. A teacher should replicate, rehearses, and observe the children when teaching pattern recognition in order to determine the child’s advancements in this area. Assessments should cover word subdivision, sound combinations, and sorting new data into patterns. Repetition is the key in the learning process. Preschool children have a short attention span; therefore, keep activities fun and exciting in order to facilitate the best learning environment. Not all children have the same literacy background and predisposition; they come from a variety of environments and cultural upbringings. Consequently, teachers must adapt to each individual child’s style of learning and pace. There will always be  variations in the learning process. Technology is a part of our everyday lives. Children have computers, iPhones, iPod’s, and tablets. Since technology surrounds children twenty -four hours of the day, seven days a week, parents need to take advantage of the situation and use the time wisely. There are many games online which can help children build their phonological awareness. Websites which parents can utilize are: starfall.com, PBSkids.com, ABCmouse.com, learninggamesforkids.com, sheppardsoftware.com, and ezschools.com. All these websites provide educational games for preschool children. They have a variety of subjects such as math, reading, and science. Also they cover the fundamentals of the alphabet, phonics, sounds, and blending. These games are especially interesting for those children who are visual and auditory learners. Percentage of children who are going online daily for educational purposes As stated above, there are many different techniques that a teacher can employ in order to educate a child. Other methods such as repeated reading, modeling fluency, and leap frog are also useful tools in phonological awareness. Children imitate and mimic adult behavior. Therefore, it is vital that a teacher speaks to a child in the appropriate grammatical matter. They will store the information and use it later in other situations that arise. Although a preschool child does not know how to read, they do make associations with words. Hence, reading every day for thirty minutes will build a child’s vocabulary. Books which have tape recordings and CDs are also good sources for vocabulary buildings, rhyme, and word segmentation. In these days, parents are not concerned about their children’s education. They spend fifty or more dollars on video games instead of providing educational support. It is ignorant for them to believe that programs like VPK and Head Start are providing a child to play and interact socially. Although social interaction is vital to a preschool child, education stimulation is also crucial. Teachers go through countless training sessions in order to provide their students with high standards. There are a variety of sources that parents and teachers can use. Computer games, internet sites, books, rhymes, music and movement, and activities created by the teacher or parent are all ways to provide phonological awareness. Parents and teachers alike have to remember that every child is  different and each child has his or her way of thinking and processing information. Thus, educators and parents have to learn their child’s learning style whether it is audio, visual, or kinesthetic in order to provide a grade a learning environment. Reading, writing, and spelling are the principles of fluency. If children are provided with the proper tools now, they will be better equipped for the future. Remember, the children of today will be the leaders of tomorrow! 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Sociological Description on Health and Illness †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Sociological Description on Health. Answer: Introduction The sociological description on health and illness signifies the interaction between the health and society. Particularly, it describes the impact of society on mortality and morbidity rates. Similarly, it identifies the impact of both morbidity and mortality rates on the social life. Such discipline has the clear focus on the health and illness in referring to the social institutions, such as school, family, religion, and work as the major reasons behind the illness (World Health Organization, 2014). The perceptions of the society influence the health determinants. It is notable that the health illness was merely attributed to the natural or biological conditions. The sociological theories are concerned with the identification of the factors residing within the society that influence the health illness (Berkman, Kawachi Glymour, 2014). The biologists have presented the clear demonstration on the spreading nature of the diseases that is highly influenced by an individuals socioecono mic status. In addition to this, it even depends on the traditions and beliefs as well as the other cultural factors. The study would thus discuss the sociological concerns related to the health determinants. The study would also specify the difference between the sociological theories and the medical model. Discussion The extensive research on the health sociology signifies that the social environment has the clear and recognizable impact on the health determinants. It has been signified that apart from the medical issues, the health sickness of the individuals is highly influenced by the social policies and perceptions. The social model of health is formulated from the social model of disability that is advocated by the disability rights movement (Benach et al., 2014). The social model of health is formulated from the social model of disability that is advocated by the disability rights movement. The development of this social model of disability is the traditional approach to the medical model. The medical model is quote different to the sociological theories related to the health determinants (Braveman Gottlieb, 2014). The development of this social model of disability is the traditional approach to the medical model. The medical model is quote different to the sociological theories related to the health determinants. The sociological theory identifies the inequalities and the social determinants that are causing the health illness among the individuals in the society. In the study of Epidemiology, the distribution of the mortality and morbidity is clearly portrayed. According to Marmot Allen (2014), Epidemiologists are extensively focusing on the disease patterns and the group of victims. In fact, they are paying more attention in identifying the effects of the related interventions. The perceptions of the society influence the health determinants. Some of the health diseases like Eating disorder, extra consumption of alcohol, mental or physical disabilities are much influenced by the societal perspectives (Johnston, Fanzo Cogill, 2014). The sociological perspectives on health and illness are described further in detail. There are four major concepts associated with the sociological perspectives on the health determinants. First is Functional Perspectives, which depicts that the illness is one form of deviance that affects the social functions of the society. Structuralism is the sociological theory that presents the views of society elements as a part of self-supporting structure (Cockerham, 2014). Functionalism explains the societal perspectives in terms of the health illness in a specific society. The functionalist theorists like Herbert Spencer, Auguste Comte, Talcott Parsons, Robert Merton, and others have pointed out the complexities in the society to promote stability and solidarity. The functionalism framework perceives society as the complex system that has the significant impact on the social structure (Allen et al., 2014). Parson argued that the most effective process of understanding sociological health illness is to describe it as the emblem of deviance, which creates obstacle in the soc ial functionalities. Many of the critics even have argued the view point mentioned in the functionalism theory. Another theory is Conflict Perspective that implies the influence of the political and economical structure. It has been specified that due to the recognizable influence of the political and economic values in the society, the inequalities, social divisions, and conflicts are created (Eldredge et al., 2016). The conflict theory is mostly associated with the Marxist perspective that points out the power of capitalism. As per the theoretical concept, it is notified that capitalism creates the tension among the society people that influence the health illness. On the other hand, C. Wright Mills argued that the social structures are generally created by recognizing conflicts between the diverse people in the society. The unequal distribution of power among the individuals in the society is instigating the health determinants in a significant way. The next conceptual theory is Interactionist Perspective that deals with the social constructed health determinants. The symbolic interactionists investigated about the meaning that has been created during social interactions. According to Castaeda et al., (2015), recognition of the situation is essential during the social interaction. As per the constructivist grounded theory, it has been specified that establishing the linking between the mutual constructivism helps in creating the relation between the researcher and the participants. Poverty, poor housing, social exclusion, and poor health systems are the major reasons behind the health determinants (Ash, 2016). According to the social theorists, the inequality among the individuals in society is also one of the major reasons for the health illness. The quality of life depends on the condition of the country or the society. It is reported that there is the expectancy of life signifies 20 years of gap between the Torres Strait Island and Australian Aboriginal land. In fact, the health determinants even depends on the income rate of the individuals within a society. Even though the government has imposed several policies to tackle socially determined health inequalities, some of the effects are still remaining in the society (Garg, Boynton-Jarrett Dworkin, 2016). The social model of health is formulated from the social model of disability that is advocated by the disability rights movement. The development of this social model of disability is the traditional approach to the medical model. The medical model is quote different to the sociological theories related to the health determinants. The sociological theory identifies the inequalities and the social determinants that are causing the health illness among the individuals in the society. On the other hand, the medical model examines the factors that c ontribute to such health determinants. The medical model helps in preventing the health illness by developing the societal awareness. For example, in current time, the eating disorder is one of the most foreseeable health determinants among the youth group in the society. It is notable that the societal influence has been the major cause behind such eating disorder. The youth group of people is much conscious about their appearance since they usually face the judgments of the society. In order to maintain the health standard, they often consume the lesser amount of foods that increases the health determinants (Berkman, Kawachi Glymour, 2014). Such societal perspectives are invoking the mental health of the young people that are leading them towards health illness recognizably. It is already mentioned that capitalism creates the tension among the society people that influence the health illness. Hence, it can be stated that due to the shortage of money or the unequal income rate, many people in the society are unable to afford adequate food. Due to such lesser consumption of the healthy food, most of the people fac e the challenges in terms of their health illness. Moreover, the inequality residing among the social perceptions are also affecting the mental health of the individuals (Garg, Boynton-Jarrett Dworkin, 2016). The medical model is examining the process of preventing such issues to develop the societal constructivism. In fact, it is necessary to reduce the social stratification to develop the better health approaches and eliminate the determinants in the society. Conclusion Social stratification and societal perspectives are the key elements that instigate the health determinants among the individuals. The perceptions of the society influence the health determinants. The sociological theories are concerned with the identification of the factors residing within the society that influence the health illness. The functionalism framework perceives society as the complex system that has the significant impact on the social structure. On the other hand, the medical model examines such factors and identifies the method of mitigating such social issues. The critics and arguments presented by the different theorists specify the social influence upon the youth group. Eating disorder is one of the most common health determinant recognized within a society. It was noticed that the societal perspectives invokes the mental health of the young group. They often skip consuming adequate food which causes the health illness. Moreover, the inequality maintained in the soc iety is also sometimes affecting the health factors of the individuals. The social model of health is formulated from the social model of disability that is advocated by the disability rights movement. The development of this social model of disability is the traditional approach to the medical model. The medical model is quote different to the sociological theories related to the health determinants. References Allen, J., Balfour, R., Bell, R., Marmot, M. (2014). Social determinants of mental health.International Review of Psychiatry,26(4), 392-407. Ash, A. S. (2016). Medical, Social, and Other Determinants of Health Care Costs in MassHealth. Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., Vanroelen, C., Tarafa, G., Muntaner, C. (2014). Precarious employment: understanding an emerging social determinant of health.Annual review of public health,35. Berkman, L. F., Kawachi, I., Glymour, M. M. (Eds.). (2014).Social epidemiology. Oxford University Press. Braveman, P., Gottlieb, L. (2014). The social determinants of health: it's time to consider the causes of the causes.Public Health Reports,129., 19-31. Castaeda, H., Holmes, S. M., Madrigal, D. S., Young, M. E. D., Beyeler, N., Quesada, J. (2015). Immigration as a social determinant of health.Annual review of public health,36, 375-392. Cockerham, W. C. (2014).Medical sociology. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Eldredge, L. K. B., Markham, C. M., Ruiter, R. A., Kok, G., Parcel, G. S. (2016).Planning health promotion programs: an intervention mapping approach. John Wiley Sons. Garg, A., Boynton-Jarrett, R., Dworkin, P. H. (2016). Avoiding the unintended consequences of screening for social determinants of health.Jama,316(8), 813-814. Johnston, J. L., Fanzo, J. C., Cogill, B. (2014). Understanding sustainable diets: a descriptive analysis of the determinants and processes that influence diets and their impact on health, food security, and environmental sustainability.Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal,5(4), 418-429. Marmot, M., Allen, J. J. (2014). Social determinants of health equity. World Health Organization. (2014).Social determinants of mental health. World Health Organization.

The American Workforce How It Has Changed free essay sample

The American Workforce: How It Has Changed Kathy Reed SOC304: Social Gerontology Professor Marie Mika August 1, 2011 The American Workforce: How It Has Changed The workforce has always been the backbone of America, ever since the beginning of time to the modern world of today. It begin with the men of the family going out and working, while the women stayed at home and took care of the children and the home. The workforce for men and women has changed because of the consequences of age, gender, immigration, politics, education and the economy. Even though the workforce has been affected by these consequences, the question is now, what can be done to make sure it is sustainable for the future. The following will cover the consequences of change, healthcare cost, and housing needs, social security, and programs for the aging. First, the consequences, such as age, gender, immigration, politics, education and the economy has made the percentage of the workforce change drastically. We will write a custom essay sample on The American Workforce: How It Has Changed or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Lee, M. A. , Mather,M. , (2008) states that: â€Å"the historical growth of the U. S. labor force in the four decades is linked to two main factors: growth in population size and increases in women’s labor force participation rates. In the 1960s, the U. S. labor force increased by 1. 7 percent annually as baby boomers those born during the high-fertility period from 1946-1964 started to enter the workforce. Labor force growth accelerated during the 1970s as more baby boomers reached adulthood. At the same time, women started to enter the labor force in greater numbers. As a result of both of these trends, the labor force grew at a fast pace of 26 percent each year. † There are several people of the baby boomer era, including myself, that have changed jobs more once throughout our life growing and preparing for a comfortable life for our family and the future, there are some that have retired, became disabled or suffered the loss of a loved one, but with the workforce changes, some of us have suffered more than one type of loss. According to, Dennis Cauchon: only 45. % of Americans had jobs in 2010, the lowest rate since 1983 and down from a peak of 49. 3% in 2000. Last year, just 66. 8% of men had jobs, the lowest on record. The bad economy, an aging population and a plateau in women working are contributing to changes that pose serious challenges for financing the nation’s social programs. For example, job troubles appear to have slowed a trend of people working later in life, putting more pressure on Social Security says Marc Goldwei n. Another change: the bulk of those not working have shifted from children to adults. The aging of 77 million baby boomers born from 1946 through 1964 from children to workers to retirees is changing the relationship between workers and dependents. † In the trends of men and women working, they are different because, when looking back in history, men has always been the person to build a financial basis for the family and over time women have increase their presence in the workforce, which added to the financial basis of the family structure. Then there are women who are single parents and they have increased the workforce as well, they sometimes have more than one job. Then there is the diversity, racial and ethical differences in the workforce make up a large ratio when it comes to any race or ethnic group according to various surveys. Another trait that affects the baby boomers is age discrimination, because of the economy; some employers are finding ways to get rid of, force retirement or lay off older employees and replace them with younger employees that will accept the pay offered just to have a job or an opportunity to excel throughout the company. The Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967 (ADEA) banned discrimination against workers aged 40 to 65 and forbade employers to fire, demote, or reduce the salaries of older workers without good cause. Yet age discrimination still occurs. Although ads stating that no one over 40 will be hired are no longer legal over 20,000 claims of age discrimination are filed each year. The problem is proving it. Although the ADEA has prevented employers from many older workers, it has had little effect on hiring (Quadagno, 2011, p. 235). When a person gets to the age ransition (40 or older) of working for years, raising their family, there comes the time when you have to start preparing for retirement, not just planning it. The children are getting older or have already left the house and started on their own. People will consider the benefits they will receive when they retire and health benefits are very important because of the possibilities of health concerns that are current or that cou ld happen later in life. Retirement is also the time to think about taking time to enjoy the time off, being with family, friends and the grandchildren. Also trying to stay active and healthy is an important part of retirement. When a person has worked for certain of years for a company to provide for their family and themselves and they want their retirement to reflect the success of planning and preparing and that it will be able to sustain their way of living in their retirement years. Lauer, R. H. , Lauer, J. C. , (2008, P. 290), writes â€Å"that all things change. The American economy, the nature of work, and the nature of the workforce are vastly different today from what they were at various times in the past. Initially, the Unites States was an agrarian society, that is, a society in which agriculture is the dominant form of work and people and animals are the major sources of energy. In the competitive context of the global economy, a number of changes have occurred that are detrimental to the well-being of many American workers. As a results of such changes, many Americans are not only unable to better their lot in comparison to their parents, but are finding them worse off than their parents. † The United States Department of Labor (USDL) states: â€Å"who are the workers of the future? Many of them will be older versions of us. In fact, over half of the population of 2030 is alive today. Over the next fifty years, the population of the United States is expected to grow by nearly 50 percent, from about 257 million in the year 2000 to an estimated 394 million people in 2050. U. S. population growth is influence by immigration and emigration rates, as well as by birth and death rates. Immigration will play the largest role in the growth of the Unites States through mid-century. † Additionally, there is the health care and cost of the aging population, which is those that were born between 1946 and 1969 and most of the baby boomers are preparing to retire. The health care cost for the aging can increase drastically, because of the number of aging adults entering retirement and some have insurance coverage for of their current health conditions and others may not, but is there also the concern for future health concerns, and whether or not they will be able to pay they those services if needed or if their insurance will cover it. A healthier lifestyle can help increase a longer life and decrease the multiple health concerns and conditions a person can acquire from aging. David M. Lawrence (2010,p. 82-85) writes, what liable to happen in the next forty years in medical advancements and healthcare? We propose a scenario. Some things don’t change. We will still get old and gradually lose our facilities, our mobility, even our independence. Eventually we will die, most of us suffering from chronic conditions. Death will not be an option, nor will it’s prelude be a gentle descent. To believe differently is to live with false hope. But by 2050, important changes will occur in the medical care we will receive and the way in which we receive it. Victoria R Ballesteros Athan G Bezaitis, (2011,p. 50-52) writes, in June 2009, The SCAN Foundation commissioned a national survey to understand public opinion toward long- term care and its association with healthcare reform. The poll overwhelmingly demonstrated people’s concern about being able to afford long-term care services in the future, and showed broad-based support for improving coverage for home and community based services. Nine out ten Americans (92%) said it was important insurance coverage for services that help people remain in their homes instead of going to skilled nursing facilities. Furthermore, eight in ten Americans (80%) supported improving insurance coverage for home and community based long-term care services as part of healthcare reform, again with support crossing party lines. According to Science Daily (2010, December 20) increased life expectance in the United States has not been accompanied by more years of perfect health, reveals new research published in the December issue of the Journal of Gerontology. Indeed, a 20 year old today can expect to live one less healthy year over his or her lifespan than a 20 year old a decade ago, even though life expectancy has grown. From 1970-2005, the probability of a 65 year old surviving to age 85 doubled, from about a 20 percent chance to a 40 percent chance. Many researchers presumed that the same forces allowing people to live longer, including better health behaviors and medical advances, would also delay the onset of disease and allow people to spend fewer years of their lives with debilitating illness. Although such factors as heredity and biology partially determine whether an individual develops a chronic disease, research also shows that social factors play an important role. The likelihood of developing a chronic disease that produces disability is partly a function of one’s health lifestyle, defined as a pattern of behavior based on choices and options that are available to people according to their life situations. Health lifestyles include behaviors that directly affect health care, such as having checkups and complying with prescribed treatment, as well as decisions about smoking, food, exercise, personal hygiene alcohol use, and risky behaviors such as unprotected sex. (Quadagno,2011,p. 257).

Free Essays on The Early Cchooling Of Nicolas Vidal

The early schooling of Nicolas Vidal The outlaw, Nicolas Vidal, in Allende’s â€Å"The Preacher’s Wife† is a key player in a story story devout with good and evil characters. Nicolas like any other child was not born of the dark side. Young Vidal was a product of wicked treatment at an early age. Key events such as a bad omen, and his mothers’ child rearing skills, created Nicolas’ heart of evil. In this story are examples which support this theory. Nicolas’s mother, Juana the Forlorn, was a sick individual at best. She was a prostitute with no room for a child; as Nicolas was definitely not a planned pregnancy. Juana used several methods to try and abort her young child. These actions were sewing The seeds of non-love, while Nicolas was still in the womb. Little did she know, Ms. Forlorn was hardening her son’s soul, and making him jaded to love. He was ready to take The world on when he was first born. A profession of boxing would have been an Alternative career for someone who felt no pain like Nicolas. Nicolas is pursued by an evil omen starting at birth, and following him all his Days. It is this omen which finally helps him to end his life. When Nicolas is first born He has four nipples. This is a sign that a woman will be his undoing. Later in life he Consults the advise aof a soothsayer and she confirms his fate. Nicolas makes this Floyd 2 Prophecy true when he does not run away at the end of the story. He knows well the Soldiers will probably kill him on sight. Once again, Juana the Forlorn’s Parenting skills are in question. Besides trying to Kill Nicolas at birth, most importantly she did not show him love. A mother’s lo... Free Essays on The Early Cchooling Of Nicolas Vidal Free Essays on The Early Cchooling Of Nicolas Vidal The early schooling of Nicolas Vidal The outlaw, Nicolas Vidal, in Allende’s â€Å"The Preacher’s Wife† is a key player in a story story devout with good and evil characters. Nicolas like any other child was not born of the dark side. Young Vidal was a product of wicked treatment at an early age. Key events such as a bad omen, and his mothers’ child rearing skills, created Nicolas’ heart of evil. In this story are examples which support this theory. Nicolas’s mother, Juana the Forlorn, was a sick individual at best. She was a prostitute with no room for a child; as Nicolas was definitely not a planned pregnancy. Juana used several methods to try and abort her young child. These actions were sewing The seeds of non-love, while Nicolas was still in the womb. Little did she know, Ms. Forlorn was hardening her son’s soul, and making him jaded to love. He was ready to take The world on when he was first born. A profession of boxing would have been an Alternative career for someone who felt no pain like Nicolas. Nicolas is pursued by an evil omen starting at birth, and following him all his Days. It is this omen which finally helps him to end his life. When Nicolas is first born He has four nipples. This is a sign that a woman will be his undoing. Later in life he Consults the advise aof a soothsayer and she confirms his fate. Nicolas makes this Floyd 2 Prophecy true when he does not run away at the end of the story. He knows well the Soldiers will probably kill him on sight. Once again, Juana the Forlorn’s Parenting skills are in question. Besides trying to Kill Nicolas at birth, most importantly she did not show him love. A mother’s lo...

Surviving a JCAHO Audit Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Surviving a JCAHO Audit - Essay Example One of the most important of those regulatory bodies is the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations (JCAHO). JCAHO is a not-for-profit organization operating with the preliminary purpose of providing voluntary accreditation to healthcare organizations. Over the course of eighty-eight (88) years, it has evolved from its humble beginnings when the first hospital inspections were performed by a single body, the American College of Surgeons (ACS) in 1918. The ACS utilized a very rudimentary system for inspecting hospitals whereby minimal standards were utilized as a means of setting the standards for accreditation. The ACS served as a solitary regulatory board from 1918 until 1951 when the ACS joined forces with the American College of Physicians, the American Hospital Association, the American Medical Association, and the Canadian Medical Association to establish what was known as the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Hospitals (JCAH). The JCAH soon replaced the ACS as the organization responsible for setting the standards for the delivery of safe and appropriate care for patients within t hose organizations. This commission was responsible for the publication of the first Standards for Hospital Accreditation (AORN Journal, 2002). In 1965, under the leadership of President Lyndon B. Johnson, the Medicare Act of 1965 was passed. This meant a drastic shift in the role of JCAH. For the first time, JCAH became closely aligned with the federal government and facilitated an inalienable relationship with governmental funding and JCAH accreditation. For the first time, the law made provisions for hospitals which were accredited by JCAH wherein those hospitals were automatically viewed as being in compliance with most of the provisions of the Medicare program and were eligible to participate in the Medicare program. As such, the accredited hospitals were able to reap the monetary rewards of being active Medicare participation (AORN Journal, 2002). In 1975, JCAH expanded its scope by becoming the main accrediting body for ambulatory health care facilities. This expansion was facilitated by an involvement with Accreditation Council for Ambulatory Health Care. Over the next decade, JACH established a series of committees which were known as the Professional and Technical Advisory Committees (PTAC) for each program it was responsible for accrediting. Finally, in 1987, JCAH changed its name to the Joint Commission on Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations as a means of reiterating its large range of accreditation activities. To date, JCAHO has established a large board of commissioners which includes a nursing representative who provides input with regards to nursing policy (AORN Journal, 2002). Functions of JCAHO JCAHO is responsible for evaluating and accrediting over 15,000 healthcare institutions and individual programs throughout the U.S. In so doing it provides services to the following general class of organizations: Hospitals [including general medical, psychiatric and pediatric hospitals as well as rehabilitation hospitals]. Nursing homes Hospices Home care organizations Addiction services Laboratories Rehabilitation centers Ambulatory care providers Independent laboratories Group practices In addition to accrediting the aforementioned organizations, JACHO also awards certification to health plans, hospitals and other institutions which provide disease management services as well as

Productivity in the workplace as an lpn Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Productivity in the workplace as an lpn - Essay Example Most of the nurses view lpn roles similar to certified nursing attendants: nurses feel that lpn need to be told what to do and be closely monitored. Lpn’s believe that a professional degree gives authority and autonomy in an organization; moreover, increases motivation for workplace productivity. The feeling that they are being treated equal to nurses enforces them to work hard, care more, and be at good relation with co-workers. In order to reduce conflict and increase workplace productivity of lpn, collaboration between nurses, lpn, and management must be addressed. A health care institution with good working relationships smoothen work flow by facilitating ease of task. Time is not wasted for arguments and health care workers focus only on how to deliver quality care to clients; therefore, human resources are maximized which increases workplace

Non Experimental Research Design Psychology Essay

Non Experimental Research Design Psychology Essay This chapter details the methodology that will be used to conduct this study. Methodology is an approach, or method used to conduct a research. The aspects that will be discussed in this chapter include the researchs design, approach, sample, instrument, procedure, and also data collection and analysis. 3.2 Researchs Approach and Design 3.2.1 Researchs Approach There are two types of approaches used in research, which are quantitative approach and qualitative approach. According to Blaxter, Hughes and Tight (as cited in Hughes, 2006) Quantitative research is a study that concerned with the collection and analysis of data in numeric form. It emphasizes relatively large-scale and representative sets of data, and is often presented or perceived as being about the gathering of `facts. Qualitative research is concerned with collecting and analysing information in as many forms as possible, mainly non-numerical form. It focuses on exploring smaller numbers of instances or examples which are seen as being interesting or illuminating, and aims to achieve `depth rather than `breadth. In this study, the data collected by researcher will be in numerical form, which obtained from the questionnaires. Thus, the approach used in this study is quantitative research. 3.2.2 Researchs Design According to Chua Yan Piaw (2006), there are three main designs in research, namely true experimental design, non-experimental design, and quasi-experimental design. True experimental design studies the relation between the independent variables and manipulated variables, manipulates the independent variables and observes the changes on manipulated variables. Non-experimental design is used when the treatment is not possible as the independent variables naturally exist, and the respondents will be randomly distributed into every group. This design studies the relation between independent variables and manipulated variables without manipulate the independent variables. Besides that, quasi-experimental design normally used to evaluate the effectiveness of certain program when then the randomly distribution of the respondents in the study is not possible. It studies the relation between independent variables and manipulated variables (Chua, 2006). Non-experimental research design According to Chua Yan Piaw (2006), there are a lot of non-experimental designs, including survey, field research, case study, action research, ethnography, and so on. Survey is one of the most widely used non-experimental research design, which used in different form of media, such as magazine, newspapers, and television to collect data from subjects who respond to a series of questions about behaviors and opinions regarding to certain issue, or to survey the effectiveness of a product or plan. Normally interview or quetionnaires will be used in collecting data. Field research refers to gathering primary data from a natural environment without doing a lab experiment or a survey, where the researcher must be willing to step into new environments and observe, participate, or experience those worlds by themselves. Case study is an in-depth analysis of a single event, situation, or individual, where the researcher examines existing sources like documents and archival records, conducts in terviews, engages in direct observation, and even participant observation, to collect the information in depth regarding to individual behaviours and social conditions. Action research refers to the research initiated to solve an immediate problem or a reflective process of progressive problem solvin lef by individuals working with others in teams or as part of a community of practice to improve the way they address and solve problems. Survey 3.3 Sampling According to Gay and Airasian (2003), sampling is the process of selecting a number of participants for a study in such a way that they represent the larger group from which they were selected (p. 101). Selecting a sample is a very important step in conducting a research study, particularly for quantitative research. The goodness of the sample determines the meaningfulness and generalizability of the research results (Gay Asian, 2003, p. 103). 3.3.1 Population The first step in sampling is to define the population. A sample comprises the individuals, items, or events selected from a larger group referred to as a population. The population is the group of interest to the researcher, the group to which the results of the study will ideally generalize (Gay Airasian, 2003, p. 102). The location of this study is Sabah, and the populations of this study are all the upper form students in secondary schools in Sabah, who are 16 to 17 years old. Initially, the researcher will obtains the information about the upper form students from all the secondary schools in Sabah, and then determine the samples which are involved in this study. The researcher will get the information about the total number of upper form students in each of the schools, because it might influences the outcomes of the study. 3.3.2 Sampling Method According to Chua Yan Piaw (2006), there are two main sampling methods, which are probability sampling and non-probability sampling (p. 189). According to Gay and Airasian (2003), probability sampling, which also known as random sampling, methods are possible for the researcher to specify the probability, or chance, that each member of a defined population will be selected for the sample, and these sampling are all based on randomness in the selection of the sample (p. 103). Non-probability sampling, which is also known as non-random sampling, methods do not have random sampling at any stage of sample selection, it is used when the random sampling is not possible, such as teachers or administrators select students or classes as the samples (p. 114). In this study, random sampling method will be used to select the sample. Gay and Airasian (2003) states that there are four basic random sampling techniques or procedures, namely simple random sampling, stratified sampling, cluster sampling, and systematic sampling, which are also referred to as probability sampling (p. 103). Simple random sampling is the process of selecting a sample in such a way that all individuals in the selected population have an equal and independent chance to be selected for the sample, where the randomness in sampling takes the selection of the sample completely out of the researchers control by letting a random, or chance, procedure select the sample (p. 103). Stratified sampling is the process of selecting a sample in such a way that identified sub-groups in the population are represented in the sample in the same proportion that they exist in the population (p. 106). Besides that, cluster sampling randomly selects groups, not individuals; all the members selected groups have similar characterisics, and it is most useful when the population is very large or spread out over a wide geographic area (p. 108). Lastly, systematic sampling is the sampling technique in which individuals are selected from a list taking every Kth name (p. 110). Although the instrument of students national identity is designed to be applicable to all students in Malaysia, the secondary school students will be selected to test the instrument in this study. The rationale of choosing upper form students as the target population to test the instrument is they might be more mature if compared to the lower form students who are only 13 to 15 years old. They might have a better understanding on the items stated in the questions, and perhaps they will give their response seriously. So, the outcomes which obtained from the upper form students might be more reliable and trustworthy if compared to lower form students. All upper form students from the secondary school in Sabah are over sampled. Two random samples of 200 students and 2500 students will be purchased for the two survey studies by using cluster sampling method. A number of schools will be randomly selected from each of the districts in Sabah as the representatives of those districts. The secondary school students in Sabah are eligible to receive the mailed survey. In the first survey study, the questionnaire will be initially sent to the random sample of 200 students to examine test-retest reliability of the instrument and its subscale. Then, a repeat mailing survey will be sent to the respondents from the initial mailing again. The test-retest reliability of the instrument will be examined using the data from the remaining surveys returned from both the initial and repeat mailings. In the second survey study, the sample needed to be large in order to conduct factor analysis to test the construct validity of the instrument. There is a general agreement among measurement methodologists that large sample sizes are required for the stability of results of factor analysis, the use of larger sample sizes in applications of factors analysis tends to provide results such that sample factor loadings are more precise estimates of population loadings and are also more stable, or less variable, across repeated sampling. The researcher will send the refined questionnaire to the second random sample of 2500 students in order to perform factor analysis, and then to test construct validity and internal consistency reliability of the instrument. 3.4 Researchs Procedures This study will be conducted in two stages. Stage one is the instrument development, and stage two is the instrument testing and refining. Stage one consists of three steps and stage two consists of five steps. Each of these steps is described in the following section. 3.4.1 Stage One: Instrument Development The instrument development stage has three steps: (1) developing conceptual and operational definitions of the construct of students national identity, (2) generating item pool, and (3) determining the format for measurement (or selecting a scaling technique for the measurement). All the three steps in this stage involved determination of content validity of the instrument of students national identity. a. Step 1: Developing Conceptual and Operational Definitions of the Construct. The first step in developing this instrument is to determine clearly what the concept of students national identity is. The definition of the construct, students national identity, is based onà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ (need more information from chapter 2) b. Step 2: Generating an Item Pool for the Instrument The focus of second step is to generate a large pool of items for all the dimensions of the construct of students national identity. In the beginning stage, it is better to generate more items. Thus a 60 items scale might be evolve from an item pool over a hundred items. The instrument of students national identity is designed to measure the degree to which a student à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Wording of the items is very important and should reflect this goal of the instrument. Appropriate wording can accurately capture the essence of the construct. The items are evaluative in nature and can reflect respondents views about the desirability of something. Moreover, the researcher developed several negatively worded items with careful wording that examine students à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ besides developing positively worded items that measure students national identity. The purpose of constructing several negatively worded items is to detect respondents with acquiescence bias by their response pattern if there is any. Those respondents will not be included in the data analysis to avoid or minimize the influence caused by acquiescence bias. The issues related to acquiescence bias were discussed in detail in Chapter 2. After a large pool of items that measures students national identity is established, the dissertation committee will be first critique all the items before sending the item pool to the expert panel for content validity review. The researcher will revises the item pool based on comments of the dissertation committee. The items which are repetitive, inappropriate or poorly worded, confusing, or irrelevant to the construct will be eliminated or revised. After this revision, 84 items were retained in the instrument. c. Step 3: Determining the Format for the Instrument The researcher considers the format simultaneously with the generation of items so that the two are compatible. The Likert scales with five responses options is chosen to develop the instrument measuring the students national identity. Each item is presented as a declaration sentence, followed by the response options that indicate varying degrees of agreement with the statement. The five response options are: (1) strongly disagree, (2) disagree, (3) either agree or disagree, (4) agree, and (5) strongly agree. These five points Likert scales are ordinal scale level. Each item in the instrument is classified as two broad categories, which are favourable (positive) or unfavourable (negative). Scoting is reversed for negatively worded items such that disagreement with a negatively worded resulted in high score. At this step, the development stage is completed. Then, the researcher will moves on to the next stage, which is instrument testing and refining. 3.4.2 Stage 2: Instument Testing and Refining The instrument testing and refining stage includes give steps: (1) establishing content validity of the instrument, (2) developing directions for responding, (3) preparing a revised draft of the questionnaire, (4) examining test-retest reliability and pretesting internal consistency reliability, dan (5) testing construct validity and internal consistency reliability. All steps in this stage involve refining the instrument and testing the psychometric properties of the instrument. a. Step 1: Establishing Content Validity of the Instrument Determining the number of experts needed has always been somewhat arbitrary in content validity determination. According to Lynn (1986) (as cited in Wynd, Schmidt, Schaefer, 2003), a minimum of five experts (rates, observers, or judges) and a larger number of categories for data assignment yield greater absolute agreement and increase the risk of chance agreement. The use of more experts may therefore contribute directly to chance agreement (pg 511). The use of only two judges is not only statistically unjustifiable, but also it places the instrument developer at great risk of an erroneous conclusion that content validity has been achieved when it actually has not (Bu, 2005, pg 73). In this study, five experts who either have conducted research related to students national identity or have interest in students national identity will be asked to review the instrument as the content experts. A delineation of the full content dimentions of the construct of students national identity with specific instructions pertaining to the content relevance of each item are provided to the experts by mail or email for review. The five will be asked to return the instrument and their comments within four to five weeks. This review serves multiple purposes related to determining and maximizing the content validity of the instrument. First, having experts review the item pool, confirm or invalidate the definition of the phenomenon of students national identity and the content validity of the instrument is quantified. The experts will be asked to rate how relevant they think each item is related to what the researcher intends to measure. The instrument of students national identity includes three subscales. The general objective of the subscale of à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ is to measure the degree to which the studentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Under the broad objective, more specific objectives that are assumed to measure relevant items will provided as well. The intensity of students national identity can fluctuate over time but they are considered stable during a certain period of time, typically three to four weeks. These objectives will be sent to experts along with the instrument. The experts will be asked to rate the content relevance of each item to its general objective and its more specific objective. Content validity index (CVI)à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. In addition, the experts will be asked to clarify reasons and provide suggestions if they disagree with some items included in the instrument. Second, the experts will be asked to evaluate the items clarity and conciseness. Sometimes, the content of an item may be relevant to the construct but its wording may be problematic. This yields problems on item reliability because an ambiguous or otherwise unclear item, to a greater degree than a clear item, may reflect factors extraneous to the latent variable. Third, in addition to judging each item, the experts will be asked to identify phenomena that were omitted from the instrument as a part of the content validity assessment. Thus, by asking experts to review the instrument in a variety of ways the researcher could capture the phenomenon of interest, and the expert reviewers help the researcher maximize the content validity of the instrument. The researcher will be paid careful attention to all suggestions from these content experts then made an informed decision about how to use their advice. The instrument will be revised to enhance content validity with the consensus of the dissertation committee. b. Step 2: Developing Directions for Responding The procedures for responding to the statements, as well as the meaning of the anchor points on the continuum, will be carefully develop and then reviewed by the dissertation committee chair and colleagues to avoid confusing respondents. Dillman (1978) (as cited in Bu, 2005) proposed some ideas about providing directions to subjects on how to answer questionnaires. He states that the encirclement process results in fewer ambiguous markings and should be encouraged. It is important that the same marking procedure be used throughout the questionnaire. Lower case letters are preferred for directions because of their greater readability (pg 76). The researcher will apply these suggestions when developing directions for responding. c. Step 3: Preparing a Draft of the Questionnaire. This step involves constructing a draft of the questionnaire and assessing the questionnaire. Three activities will be completed in this step. First, a section of questions for gathering demographic information from participants will be designed and included in the survey along with the instrument of students national identity. The purpose of developing this section of questions is to gather information that would be used to describe characteristics of the participants. Second is the issue of ordering the questions in the questionnaire. In this study, items that are measuring the same dimension will be grouped together. The questions that request demographic information are put at the end of the questionnaire. The questionnaire consists of two parts. Part one is composed of a series of items pertaining to students national identity. Items represented à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.dimensionsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. The form of the instrument of students national identity looks like the following sample. Item Strongly disagree (1) Disagree (2) Either disagree or agree (3) Agree (4) Strongly agree (5) Item 1 1 2 3 4 5 Item 2 1 2 3 4 5 Item 3 1 2 3 4 5 à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ Part two of the questionnaire consists of the demographic questions and includes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as well as characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, geographic location. Third, the questionnaire is distributed to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. For the review of clarity of directions, ease of responding and time needed to fill out the questionnaire. d. Step 4: Examining Test-Retest Reliability and Pretesting Internal Consistency Reliability After questionnaire is produced, the researcher conducts two survey studies to gather data to examine construct validity and reliability of the instrument. Step 4 is to examine test-retest reliability of the instrument, preliminarily test internal consistency reliability of the instrument, and perform item analysis. It is assumed that the construct of students national identity does not change in subjects within two to three weeks. The researcher initially mailed the questionnaire to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. In two to three weeks, a repeat survey will be mailed to the respondents from the initial mailing. The test-retest reliability of the instrument of students national identity and its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦..subscales are examined among the subjects responding both the initial and the repeat mailings. Cronbachs alpha of the instrument and its à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦. Subscales is calculated using the data from the questionnaires returned from the initial mailing to pretest internal consistency reliability of the instrument and itsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.subscales. In addition, an item analysis for each subscale will be performed using the data from the returned questionnnaires from the initial mailing for the purpose of refining the instrument. An item needed to meet Likerts criterion of internal consistency in order to be retained in the scale. A given item whose score significantly correlated with the relevant scale score, which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥ 0.3 is considered to meet the criterion of internal consistency and is retained in the instrument. An item whose score does not significantly related to the scale score, which is à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¤ 0.3, is rechecked and determined for retainment, elimination or revision depending on theory, content of the item, function of the item in the instrument. e. Step 5: Testing Construct Validity and Internal Consistency Reliability In this step, the refined survey will be sent to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. to collect data in order to examine the construct validity of the instrument using factor analysis and the internal consistency reliability of the instrument using Cronbachs alpha. Factor analysis is performed using data from the returned questionnaires. Factor analysis is used to determine construct validity of the instrument of students national identity and select items for inclusion in the instrument. Factor analysis is a broad category of approaches to determine the structure of relations among measures (Nunnally Bernstein, 1994). Factor analysis can be used to determine: (1) grouping variables, (2) which variables belong to which factor and how strong their relationship, (30 how many dimensions are needed to explain the relations among the variables, and (4) a frame of reference to describe the relation among the variables more conveniently. There are two major approaches to factor analysis: exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis. In exploratory factor analysis, one seeks to summarize data by grouping together variables that are intercorrelated. The variables themselves may or may not have been chosen with potential underlying structure in mind. Exploratory factors are defined to achieve a mathematical objective such as maximizing the variance accounted for. In confirmatory factor analysis, factors are defined directly, which incorporate the properties such as the number of factors and content (or variables) of each factor that have been hypothesized and then determine how well these fit the data (Nunnally Bernstein, 1994). According to Tabachnick Fidell (1983), exploratory factor analysis is usually performed in the early stages of research to consolidate variables and generate hypotheses about relationships in a reduced data set. Confirmatory factor analysis generally occurs later in the researc h process, when a theory about structure is to be tested or when hypothesized differences in structure between groups of research units are tested. Variables are specifically chosen to reveal underlying structural processes. Data used in confirmatory factor analysis, then, might be different from those used in exploratory factor analysis. Cronbachs alpha will be calculated in this large sample to determine the internal consistency reliability of the instrument of attitudes toward patient advocacy and its three subscales. Up to this step, the instrument of students national identity will be established. 3.5 Data Collection Schedule and Procedures There are some differences between the data collection schedule and procedures for the test-retest study and the construct validity study. For the test-retest reliability study, surveys with the cover letters will be mailed to the 200 randomly selected subjects. A stamped returning envelope will be included in the mail for return of the survey. A code number will be attached to the 200 subjects, and those respondents from the initial mailing survey will be identified and sent a repeat survey within two to three weeks after the initial mailing in order to examine test-retest reliability. Thus, anonymity of respondents is not ensured in the test-retest reliability study for the purpose of the repeat mailing to those who returned the survey. Considering budget limitation for the dissertation, the researcher will makes only one contact with the 2500 randomly selected subjects. In this contact, a mailing that included the survey, a detailed cover letter explaining the nature of the study and asking for response and a business reply envelope will be sent to the 2500 subjects. Since only one contact was made to the 2500 students, anonymity of respondents is ensured in the study. A codebook for data entry will be developed and reviewed. A data entry program will be set up to facilitate inputting data. Data will be entered as responses to the questionnaire are returned. Entered data will be verified to check for errors in data input by going over 25% of the returned and entered questionnaires and running frequencies of each item of the questionnaire. Any differences between original data entry and verification required checking the raw data and correcting the entered data. Data analysis will begins after completion of data entry and involved statistical consultation with the dissertation committee members. 3.6 Data Analysis and Interpretation Three types of data analyses will be conducted in this study, which are analysis related to reliability, analysis related to validity, and descriptive statistics. First, the content validity of the instrument will be determined by CVI. The CVI was the proportion of items given a rating of 3 (relevant and needs a little revision) or 4 (very relevant) to the objectives of a measure based on 4-point ordinal scale by at least six out of the seven experts (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥86% agreement) in this study. Second, data from the respondents returned from the initial mailing in the test-retest study will be used for the analysis of Cronbachs alpha to pretest the internal consistency reliability of the instrument. Data from the questionnaires that are returned from both the initial and the repeat mailings will be used for examining the test-retest reliability. A total score for each of the subscales and the whole instrument will be obtained with the initial mailing, and a second total score for each of the subscales and the whole instrument will be obtained with the second mailing. The test-retest reliability coefficient of the instrument and its subscales will be obtained by correlating the initial mailing scores with the second mailing scores using Pearson Product Moment Correlation Coefficient. High correlation coefficient indicates high stability or test-retest reliability of the instrument. This reliability coefficient above .70 is considered satisfactory. Third, item analysis will be performed using data from the questionnaires returned from the initial mailing. Correlations among items within each subscale and between each item with the total subscale score will be examined. Items with low correlations with the relevant subscale score ( Fourth, factor analysis will be performed using data from the questionnaires to determine the construct validity of the instrument of students nationasl identity. Factor analysis is à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦() In this study, exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis approaches will be used to examine the construct validity of the instrument. Exploratory factor analysis will be first performed to extract factors from the instrument of students national identity and determine the items to be included in the instrument. If evidence for construct validity exists, the number of factors resulting from the analysis should approximate the number of dimensions assessed by the instrument, and the items with the highest factor loadings defining each factor should correspond to the items designed to measure each of the dimensions of the instrument (Waltz et al., 1991). Exploratory factor analysis consists of two stages: extract factors and rotating extracted factors (Nunnally Bernstein, 1994). The analysis first condenses the variables (items) into the smallest number of factors that explain the most variance. Principal component analysis (PCA) and principal axis analysis (PAF) are two most popular ways to condense data. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Then, three most common statistical rules were used to determine the number of factors. First, the Kaiser-Guttman rule retains factors with absolute eigenvalues of 1.0 or greater. However, this rule tends to suggest too many factors. The second rule is scree test that uses relative changes in these eigenvaluesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Since the unrotated factors are usually difficult to interpret, the second stage of exploratory factor analysis is to rotate these factors to make them more meaningful or more interpretableà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Orthogonal and oblique rotations Results of the exploratory factor analysis will also be used for identification and selection of indicators (items) for the instrument. Confirmatory factor analysis was used to validateà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦In confirmatory factor analysis, the researcher specifies which items load on each factor according to preconceived theory to test the theory. The result of this analysis indicates how well the empirical data actually conform to these specifications, that is, whether the items actually form the theorized constructs. In order to test the fit of the model to the data, multiple fit indices that reflect somewhat different facets of model fit are suggested à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦.. Goodness-of-Fit Index (GFI) Comparative Fit Index (CFI) Adjusted Goodness-of Fit Index (AGFI) Root Mean Square Residual (RMR) Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) Finally, Cronbachs alpha will be calculated using the data from the returned surveys to determine the internal consistency reliability of the instrument and its subscales. High Cronbachs alpha indicates that the instrument has high internal consistency. Nunnally and Bernstein suggest that, for the newly developed instrument, the Cronbachs alpha with .70 is acceptable. Also, descriptive statistics such as frequency, mean, and standard deviation will be used to describe the characteristics of the sample in both the test-retest reliability study and the construct validity study. Test-retest reliability, item analysis, descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis and Cronbachs alpha will be performed using SPSS version 20.0.0 for Windows. AMOS 5.0 for